Stitching the Stars: Graphene’s Fractal Leap Toward a Space Elevator

The advantages of a space elevator have been percolating through the aerospace community for quite some time, particularly boosted by Arthur C. Clarke’s novel The Fountains of Paradise (1979). The challenge is to create the kind of material that could make such a structure possible. Today, long-time Centauri Dreams reader Adam Kiil tackles the question with his analysis of a new concept in producing graphene, one which could allow us to create the extraordinarily strong cables needed. Adam is a satellite image analyst located in Perth, Australia. While he has nursed a long-time interest in advanced materials and their applications, he also describes himself as a passionate advocate for space exploration and an amateur astronomer. Today he invites readers to imagine a new era of space travel enabled by technologies that literally reach from Earth to the sky. by Adam Kiil In the quiet predawn hours, a spider spins its web, threading together a marvel of biological engineering: strands...

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3I/ATLAS: The Case for an Encounter

The science of interstellar objects is moving swiftly. Now that we have the third ‘interloper’ into our Solar System (3I/ATLAS), we can consider how many more such visitors we’re going to find with new instruments like the Vera Rubin Observatory, with its full-sky images from Cerro Pachón in Chile. As many as 10,000 interstellar objects may pass inside Neptune’s orbit in any given year, according to information from the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI). The Gemini South Observatory, likewise at Cerro Pachón, has used its Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) to produce new images of 3I/ATLAS. The image below was captured during a public outreach session organized by the National Science Foundation’s NOIRLab and the Shadow the Scientists initiative that seeks to connect citizen scientists with high-end observatories. Image: Astronomers and students working together through a unique educational initiative have obtained a striking new image of the growing tail of interstellar Comet...

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Ancient Life on Ceres?

We keep going through revolutions in the way science fiction writers handle asteroids. Discovered in 1801, Ceres and later Pallas (1802) spawned the notion that there once existed a planet where what came to be thought of as the asteroid belt now exists. Heinrich Olbers was thinking of the Titius-Bode law when he suggested this, pointing to the mathematical consistency of planetary orbits implicit in the now discredited theory. Robert Cromie wrote a novel called Crack of Doom in 1895 that imagined a fifth planet blown apart by futuristic warfare, a notion picked up by many early science fiction writers. Nowadays, that notion seems quaint, and asteroids more commonly appear in later SF either as resource stockpiles or terraformed habitats, perhaps hollowed out to become starships. Nonetheless, there was a flurry of interest in asteroids as home to extraterrestrial life in the 1930s (thus Clark Ashton Smith’s “Master of the Asteroid”), and actually none other than Konstantin...

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Amazing Worlds: A Review

I hardly ever watch a film version of a book I love because my mental images from the book get mangled by the film maker’s vision. There’s also the problem of changes to the plot, since film and novels are entirely different kinds of media. The outliers, though, are interesting (and I sure did love Bladerunner). And when I heard that AppleTV would do Asimov’s Foundation books, I resolved to watch because I was satisfied there was no way on Earth my book images would conflict with what a filmmaker might do. How could anyone possibly produce a film version of these books? Judging from the comments I see online, a lot of people realize how remote the AppleTV series is from the source. But here we get into something interesting about the nature of science fiction, and it’s something I have been thinking about since reading Keith Cooper’s book Amazing Worlds of Science Fiction and Science Fact. For the streaming variant of Foundation is visually gorgeous, and it pulls a lot of taut issues...

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Claudio Maccone (1948-2025)

In all too many ways, I wasn’t really surprised to learn that Claudio Maccone had passed away. I had heard the physicist and mathematician had been in ill health, and because he was a poor correspondent in even the best of times, I was left to more or less assume the worst. His death, though, seems to have been the result of an accident (I'm reminded of the fall that took Freeman Dyson’s life). Claudio and I spent many hours together, mostly at various conferences, where we would have lengthy meals discussing his recent work. Image: I took this photo of Claudio in Austin, TX in 2009. More on that gathering below. With degrees in both physics and mathematics from the University of Turin, Claudio received his PhD at King’s College London in 1980. His work on spacecraft design began in 1985, when he joined the Space Systems Group of Alenia Spazio, now Thales Alenia Space Italia, which is where he began to develop ideas ranging from scientific uses for the lunar farside, SETI detections...

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Generation Ships and their Consequences

Our ongoing discussion of the Project Hyperion generation ship contest continues to spark a wide range of ideas. For my part, the interest in this concept is deeply rooted, as Brian Aldiss’ Non-Stop (1958 in Britain, and then 1959 in the U.S. under the title Starship), was an early foray into science fiction at the novel length for me. Before that, I had been reading the science fiction magazines, mostly short stories with the occasional serial, and I can remember being captivated by the cover of a Starship paperback in a Chicago bookstore’s science fiction section. Of course, what was striking about Criterion Books’ re-naming of the novel is that it immediately gave away the central idea, which readers would otherwise have had to piece together as they absorbed Aldiss’ plot twists. Yes, this was a starship, and indeed a craft where entire generations would play out their lives. Alex Tolley and I were kicking the Chrysalis concept around and I was reminded how, having been raised in...

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Chrysalis: Designing a Generation Ship

If you want to explore the history of generation ships in science fiction, you might start with a story by Don Wilcox. Writing in 1940 for Amazing Stories, Wilcox conceived a slick plot device in his “The Voyage that Lasted 600 Years,” a single individual who comes out of hibernation once every century to see how the rest of the initial crew of 33 is handling their job of keeping the species going. Only room for one hibernation chamber, and this means our man becomes a window into social change aboard the craft. The breakdown he witnesses forces him into drastic action to save the mission. In a plot twist that anticipates A. E. van Vogt’s far superior “Far Centaurus,” Wilcox has his ragged band finally arrive after many generations at destination, only to find that a faster technology has long ago planted a colony there. Granted, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky had written about generation ships before Wilcox, and in a far more learned way. Fictional precedents like Laurence Manning's "The...

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A Candidate Gas Giant at Alpha Centauri A

Early next week I’ll be discussing the winning entry in Project Hyperion’s design contest to build a generation ship. But I want to sneak in the just announced planet candidate at Alpha Centauri A today, a good fit with the Hyperion work given that the winning entry at Hyperion is designed around a crewed expedition to nearby Proxima Centauri. Any news we get about this triple star system rises immediately to the top, given that it’s almost certainly going to be the first destination to which we dispatch instrumented unmanned probes. And one day, perhaps, manned ships, if designs like Hyperion’s ‘Chrysalis’ come to fruition. More on that soon, but for today, be aware that the James Webb Space Telescope is now giving us evidence for a gas giant orbiting Centauri A, the G-class star intriguingly similar to the Sun, which is part of the close binary that includes Centauri B, both orbited by the far more distant Proxima. Image: This artist’s concept shows what the gas giant orbiting...

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A Rotating Probe Launcher Alternative to TARS

Shortly before publishing my article on David Kipping’s TARS concept (Torqued Accelerator using Radiation from the Sun), I received an email from Centauri Dreams associate editor Alex Tolley. Alex had come across TARS and offered his thoughts on how to improve the concept for greater efficiency. The publication of my original piece has launched a number of comments that have also probed some of these areas, so I want to go ahead and present Alex’s original post, which was written before my essay got into print. All told, I’m pleased to see the continuing contribution of the community at taking an idea apart and pondering alternative solutions. It’s the kind of thing that gives me confidence that the interstellar effort is robust and continuing. by Alex Tolley Dr. Kipping’s TARS proposed system for accelerating probes to high velocity is both simple and elegant. With no moving parts other than any tether deployment and probe release, if it works, there is little that can fail during...

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A Space Catapult with Interstellar Potential

A new propulsion method with interstellar implications recently emerged on the arXiv site, and in an intriguing video on David Kipping’s Cool Worlds channel on YouTube. Kipping (Columbia University) has built a video production process that is second to none, but beyond the imagery is his ability to translate sophisticated mathematical concepts into clear language and engaging visuals. So while we’re going to discuss his new propulsion concept using the arXiv paper, don’t miss the video, where this novel new idea is artfully rendered. I was delighted to see the author invoking J.R.R. Tolkien in the video (though not in the paper), for he begins the Cool Worlds episode with some musings on interstellar flight and why it has come to engage so many of us. Tolkien devotees will already know the lovely term he used to explain our yearnings for something beyond ourselves: ‘sea-longing.’ It’s a kenning, to use the scholarly jargon, a metaphorical double construction that links two ideas....

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ETI in our Datasets?

A recent workshop at Ohio State raises a number of interesting questions regarding what is being referred to as ‘high energy SETI.’ The notion is that places where vast energies are concentrated might well attract an advanced civilization to power up projects on a Kardashev Type II or III scale. We wouldn’t necessarily know what kind of projects such a culture would build, but we might find evidence that these beings were at work, perhaps through current observations or, interestingly enough, through scans of existing datasets. Running June 23-24, the event was titled “Bridging Multi-Messenger Astronomy and SETI: The Deep Ends of the Haystack Workshop.” ‘Multi-messenger astronomy’ refers to observations that take in a wide range of inputs, from electromagnetic wavelengths to gravitational waves, from X-rays through gamma ray emissions. Extend this to SETI and you’re looking in all these areas, the broad message being that a SETI signature might show up in regions we have only...

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SETI at the Extremes

Science fiction has always provoked interesting research. After all, many of the scientists I’ve spoken with over the years have been science fiction readers, some of whom trace their career choices to specific novels (Poul Anderson’s Tau Zero is frequently mentioned, but so is Frank Herbert’s Dune, and there are many others). This makes sense because there is a natural tension in exoplanet studies growing out of the fact that in most cases, we can’t even see our targets. Instead, we detect them through non-visual methods. True, we can analyze planetary atmospheres for some gas giant planets, but we’re only beginning to drill down to the kind of biosignature searches that may eventually flag the presence of life. But fiction can paint a planet’s physics and visually explore its surface, modeling worlds in vast variety and sometimes spurring directions of thought that would otherwise remain unexplored. Consider Hal Clement, whose forays into planet-building included the remarkable...

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A Better Look at 3I/ATLAS

Just a short note, prompted by the release of new imagery of the intersellar object 3I/ATLAS by the Gemini North telescope in Hawaii. It's startling how quickly we've moved from the first pinpoint images of this comet to what we see below, which draws on Gemini North's Multi-Object Spectrograph to show us the tight (thus far) coma of the object, the gas and dust cloud enshrouding its nucleus. Changes here as the comet nears perihelion will teach us much about the object's composition and size. Some early estimates have the cometary nucleus as large as 20 kilometers, considerably larger than both 'Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov, the first two such objects detected. This is a figure that will doubtless be adjusted with continued observation. Image: Using the Gemini North telescope, astronomers have captured 3I/ATLAS as it makes its temporary passage through our cosmic neighborhood. These observations will help scientists study the characteristics of this rare object’s origin, orbit, and...

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A New Horizons First for Interstellar Navigation

If you’re headed for another planet, celestial markers can keep your spacecraft properly oriented. Mariner 4 used Canopus, a bright star in the constellation Carina, as an attitude reference, its star tracker camera locking onto the star after its Sun sensor had locked onto the Sun. This was the first time a star had been used to provide second axis stabilization, its brightness (second brightest star in the sky) and its position well off the ecliptic making it an ideal referent. The stars are, of course, a navigation tool par excellence. Mariners of the sea-faring kind have used celestial navigation for millennia, and I vividly remember a night training flight in upstate New York when my instructor switched off our instrument panel by pulling a fuse and told me to find my way home. I was forcefully reminded how far we’ve come from the days when the night sky truly was a celestial map for travelers. Fortunately, a few bright cities along the way made dead reckoning an easy way to get...

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3I/ATLAS: Observing and Modeling an Interstellar Newcomer

Let’s run through what we know about 3I/ATLAS, now accepted as the third interstellar object to be identified moving through the Solar System. It seems obvious not only that our increasingly powerful telescopes will continue to find these interlopers, but that they are out there in vast numbers. A calculation in 2018 by John Do, Michael Tucker and John Tonry (citation below) offers a number high enough to make these the most common macroscopic objects in the galaxy. But that may well depend on how they originate, a question of lively interest and one that continues to produce papers. Let me draw on a just released preprint from Matthew Hopkins (University of Oxford) and colleagues that runs through the formation options. Pointing out that interstellar object (ISO) studies represent an entirely new field, they note that theoretical thinking about such things trended toward comets as the main source, an idea immediately confronted by ‘Oumuamua, which appeared inert even as it drew...

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New Model to Prioritize the Search for Exoplanet Life

Our recent focus on habitability addresses a significant problem. In order for astrobiologists to home in on the best targets for current and future telescopes, we need to be able to prioritize them in terms of the likelihood for life. I've often commented on how lazily the word 'habitable' is used in the popular press, but it's likewise striking that its usage varies widely in the scientific literature. Alex Tolley today looks at a new paper offering a quantitative way to assess these matters, but the issues are thorny indeed. We lack, for instance, an accepted definition of life itself, and when discussing what can emerge on distant worlds, we sometimes choose different sets of variables. How closely do our assumptions track our own terrestrial model, and when may this not be applicable? Alex goes through the possibilities and offers some of his own as the hunt for an acceptable methodology continues. by Alex Tolley Artist illustrations of explanets in the habitable zone as of...

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A Sedna Orbiter via Nuclear Propulsion

When you’re thinking deep space, it’s essential to start planning early, at least at our current state of technology. Sedna, for example, is getting attention as a mission target because while it’s on an 11,000 year orbit around the Sun, its perihelion at 76 AU is coming up in 2075. Given travel times in decades, we’d like to launch as soon as possible, which realistically probably means sometime in the 2040s. The small body of scientific literature building up around such a mission now includes a consideration of two alternative propulsion strategies. Because we’ve recently discussed one of these – an inflatable sail taking advantage of desorption on an Oberth maneuver around the Sun – I’ll focus on the second, a Direct Fusion Drive (DFD) rocket engine now under study at Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory. Here the fusion fuel would be deuterium and helium-3, creating a thermonuclear propulsion thruster that produces power through a plasma heating system in the range of...

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JWST Catch: Directly Imaged Planet Candidate

We have so few exoplanets that can actually be seen rather than inferred through other data that the recent news concerning the star TWA 7 resonates. The James Webb Space Telescope provided the data on a gap in one of the rings found around this star, with the debris disk itself imaged by the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope as per the image below. The putative planet is the size of Saturn, but that would make it the planet with the smallest mass ever observed through direct imaging. Image: Astronomers using the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope have captured compelling evidence of a planet with a mass similar to Saturn orbiting the young nearby star TWA 7. If confirmed, this would represent Webb’s first direct image discovery of a planet, and the lightest planet ever seen with this technique. Credit: © JWST/ESO/Lagrange. Adding further interest to this system is that TWA 7 is an M-dwarf, one whose pole-on dust ring was discovered in 2016, so we may have an...

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Interstellar Flight: Perspectives and Patience

This morning’s post grows out of listening to John Coltrane’s album Sun Ship earlier in the week. If you’re new to jazz, Sun Ship is not where you want to begin, as Coltrane was already veering in a deeply avant garde direction when he recorded it in 1965. But over the years it has held a fascination for me. Critic Edward Mendelowitz called it "a riveting glimpse of a band traveling at warp speed, alternating shards of chaos and beauty, the white heat of virtuoso musicians in the final moments of an almost preternatural communion...” McCoy Tyner’s piano is reason enough to listen. As music often does for me, Sun Ship inspired a dream that mixed the music of the Coltrane classic quartet (Tyner, Jimmy Garrison and Elvin Jones) with an ongoing story. The Parker Solar Probe is, after all, a real ‘sun ship,’ one that on December 24 of last year made its closest approach to the Sun. Moving inside our star’s corona is a first – the craft closed to within 6.1 million kilometers of the solar...

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TFINER: Ramping Up Propulsion via Nuclear Decay

Sometimes all it takes to spawn a new idea is a tiny smudge in a telescopic image. What counts, of course, is just what that smudge implies. In the case of the object called ‘Oumuamua, the implication was interstellar, for whatever it was, this smudge was clearly on a hyperbolic orbit, meaning it was just passing through our Solar System. Jim Bickford wanted to see the departing visitor up close, and that was part of the inspiration for a novel propulsion concept. Now moving into a Phase II study funded by NASA’s Innovative Advanced Concepts office (NIAC), the idea is dubbed Thin-Film Nuclear Engine Rocket (TFINER). Not the world’s most pronounceable acronym, but if the idea works out, that will hardly matter. Working at the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, a non-profit research and development company in Cambridge MA, Bickford is known to long-time Centauri Dreams readers for his work on naturally occurring antimatter capture in planetary magnetic fields. See Antimatter Acquisition:...

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Charter

In Centauri Dreams, Paul Gilster looks at peer-reviewed research on deep space exploration, with an eye toward interstellar possibilities. For many years this site coordinated its efforts with the Tau Zero Foundation. It now serves as an independent forum for deep space news and ideas. In the logo above, the leftmost star is Alpha Centauri, a triple system closer than any other star, and a primary target for early interstellar probes. To its right is Beta Centauri (not a part of the Alpha Centauri system), with Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon Crucis, stars in the Southern Cross, visible at the far right (image courtesy of Marco Lorenzi).

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If you'd like to submit a comment for possible publication on Centauri Dreams, I will be glad to consider it. The primary criterion is that comments contribute meaningfully to the debate. Among other criteria for selection: Comments must be on topic, directly related to the post in question, must use appropriate language, and must not be abusive to others. Civility counts. In addition, a valid email address is required for a comment to be considered. Centauri Dreams is emphatically not a soapbox for political or religious views submitted by individuals or organizations. A long form of the policy can be viewed on the Administrative page. The short form is this: If your comment is not on topic and respectful to others, I'm probably not going to run it.

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